Yog tias koj koom nrog hauv kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb, koj yuav tau ntsib Incoterms®- peb -cov ntawv luam tawm uas txhais lub luag haujlwm rau cov nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov muag khoom. Tab sis thaum nws los txog rau huab cua freight, ntau lub lag luam xav tsis thoob: cov kev cai no puas siv tau?
Cov lus teb luv luv yogyog, Incoterms kiag li siv rau huab cua freight, tab sis koj yuav tsum xaiv qhov yog. Kev siv dej hiav txwv- cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau kev xa khoom huab cua tuaj yeem tsim kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis tsim nyog cov nqi, thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo raug cai.
Dab tsi yog Incoterms thiab Vim Li Cas Lawv Tseem Ceeb rau Air Shipping?
Incoterms® (International Commercial Terms) yog thoob ntiaj teb lees paub kev lag luam cov cai tsim los ntawm International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) uas txhais lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov muag khoom rau kev xa khoom. Cov txheej txheem no qhia meej tias leej twg ua haujlwm li cas -los ntawm cov nqi tsheb thauj mus los thiab kev pov hwm mus rau kev lis kev cai thiab kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo .
Rau kev thauj khoom huab cua, siv qhov tseeb Incoterm yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias:
- Lawv txiav txim siab them nqi- tog twg them rau huab cua freight, roj surcharges, thiab nqi tuav
- Lawv qhia txog kev pheej hmoo hloov pauv- raws nraim thaum lub luag haujlwm rau cov khoom txav ntawm tus neeg muag khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom
- Lawv qhia meej txog kev lis kev cai- leej twg tswj cov ntaub ntawv xa tawm thiab xa tawm
- Lawv tiv thaiv kev tsis sib haum xeeb- cov ntsiab lus meej kom tsis txhob muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb
Incoterms tsim rau huab cua Freight thiab txhua hom kev thauj mus los
Xya ntawm kaum ib Incoterms® 2020 txoj cai ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus rau kev xa khoom huab cua vim tias lawv tau tsim los rau "txhua hom kev thauj mus los," suav nrog huab cua, txoj kev, tsheb ciav hlau, thiab kev xa khoom ntau yam:
1. EXW (Ex Works)
Tus neeg muag khoom ua rau cov khoom muaj nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw, thiab tus neeg yuav khoom ua txhua yam ntxiv - ntim, thauj khoom, tshem tawm, thiab tag nrho cov nqi tsheb thauj mus los. Lo lus no tso lub luag haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom.
2. FCA (Free Carrier)
Tus neeg muag khoom xa khoom mus rau qhov chaw muaj npe (feem ntau lub tshav dav hlau) thiab tshem tawm lawv rau kev xa tawm. Lub sij hawm ntau yam no ua haujlwm zoo thaum tus neeg muag khoom ua haujlwm ua ntej - tshav dav hlau logistics thaum tus neeg yuav khoom npaj thiab them rau lub dav hlau loj.
3. CPT (Carriage them rau)
Tus neeg muag khoom them tus nqi thauj mus los rau qhov chaw uas tau teev tseg, tab sis kev pheej hmoo hloov mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom thaum cov khoom xa tuaj rau thawj tus neeg nqa khoom (feem ntau ntawm tshav dav hlau tawm).
4. CIP (Carriage and Insurance them rau)
Zoo ib yam li CPT, tab sis tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsum tau yuav daim ntawv pov hwm them cov khoom thaum caij tsheb thauj mus los. Qhov no muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua rau cov neeg yuav khoom piv rau CPT.
5. DAP (Kev xa tawm ntawm qhov chaw)
Tus neeg muag khoom dais txhua tus nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo kom txog thaum cov khoom tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw muaj npe, npaj rau kev thauj khoom los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Tus neeg yuav khoom tuav cov kev tshem tawm thiab cov dej num.
6. DPU (Xa hauv qhov chaw Unloaded)
Tus neeg muag khoom xa khoom mus rau qhov chaw muaj npe thiab suav tag nrho cov nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo- suav nrog kev thauj khoom . Qhov no tsuas yog Incoterm uas tus neeg muag khoom dais lub luag haujlwm thauj khoom.
7. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
Tus neeg muag khoom muaj lub luag haujlwm siab tshaj plaws, suav nrog tag nrho cov nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo mus rau qhov chaw kawg, suav nrog cov luag haujlwm thiab se. Zoo tagnrho rau cov neeg muag khoom uas xav tau kev tswj xyuas tag nrho ntawm cov khoom siv.
Incoterms kom zam rau huab cua Freight
Plaub nqe lus no yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev thauj mus los hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hauv av thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau huab cua freight:
- FAS (Free alongside Nkoj)- Tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm chaw nres nkoj
- FOB (Free On Board)- Chaw nyob ntawm "dhau lub nkoj rail"
- CFR (Nyiaj thiab Freight)- Tsim los rau kev thauj hiav txwv nrog kev pheej hmoo hloov chaw ntawm chaw nres nkoj
- CIF (Tus Nqi, Insurance thiab Freight)- Maritime- tshwj xeeb nrog cov kev tuav pov hwm dej hiav txwv ib txwm muaj
Siv cov dej hiav txwv no-cov ntsiab lus tsom rau kev xa khoom huab cua tsim qhov tsis meej meej txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev pheej hmoo hloov pauv uas tsis txhais tau zoo rau huab cua thauj khoom.
Xaiv txoj cai Incoterm rau koj cov khoom xa tuaj
Xaiv lub sij hawm zoo tshaj yog nyob ntawm koj qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj peev xwm:
- Rau kev tswj tus neeg yuav khoom: XaivEXWlos yogFCAyog tias koj xav tswj thiab them rau kev thauj mus los
- Rau cov neeg muag khoom simplicity: DAPlos yogDDPua haujlwm zoo thaum cov neeg muag khoom xav muab qhov rooj - rau - qhov rooj pabcuam
- Rau kev pheej hmoo sib npaug: CPTlos yogCIPcais lub luag haujlwm kom tsim nyog ntawm ob tog
- Rau e- lag luam: DAPthiabDDPyog nrov rau ncaj qha - rau - neeg siv khoom xa tuaj
Ib txwm qhia qhov tseeb qhov chaw thiab Incoterms version hauv daim ntawv cog lus-piv txwv li: "FCA Shanghai International Airport, Incoterms® 2020".
Vim Li Cas Tau Txais Nws Qhov Tseem Ceeb rau Koj Kev Lag Luam
Kev siv Incoterms tsim nyog rau kev thauj khoom huab cua tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb - nws cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau koj cov kab hauv qab. Kev xaiv Incoterm kom zoo tuaj yeem:
- Txo cov nqi npaj txhijlos ntawm kev faib cov dej num kom meej
- Txo cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsawgnrog cov ntsiab lus txaus ntshai hloov pauv
- Txhim kho kev ua haujlwmnrog cov haujlwm uas tau teev tseg rau txhua tog
- Txhim kho cov saw hlau visibilitylos ntawm qhov zoo- txhais cov ntsiab lus txhais tau tias
Key Takeaways rau Air Freight Shippers
- Incoterms yeej siv tau rau huab cua freight-koj tsuas yog yuav tsum xaiv cov uas yog
- Ua raws li 7 "txhua hom" cov ntsiab lusthiab zam 4 lub hiav txwv - cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb
- FCA feem ntau yog qhov zoo tagnrhorau huab cua xa khoom raws li nws hloov tau yooj yim thiab qhia meej txog qhov taw tes ntawm tes
- Nco ntsoov qhia lub xyoo version(Incoterms® 2020) hauv koj daim ntawv cog lus
- Xav txog koj lub peev xwm logisticalthaum xaiv cov ntsiab lus es tsis txhob siv yam uas paub
Los ntawm kev xaiv qhov tsim nyog Incoterms rau koj cov khoom thauj huab cua, koj yuav tsim cov ntawv cog lus kom pom tseeb, tiv thaiv kev nkag siab tsis zoo, thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kom muaj zog.
